How to eat vegetables eat a good figure

To increase muscle, must increase in the diet vegetables intake. Low-calorie vegetable, can provide many diet in lack of nutrients, such as cellulose, vitamins, minerals and plant chemical composition.

In fact, most bodybuilder all know vegetables occupies an important position in the diet, but due to various reasons, many of them in the actual consumption, the vegetables should still greatly insufficiency. First, bodybuilder only for protein attaches great importance to that other nutrients are ignored. Once the exercisers according to the request every pounds a gram protein intake, plus plenty of complex carbohydrates, it is difficult for him to eat something else. Secondly, vegetable cooking up relatively troublesome, makes the exercisers often ignore them, still comfort yourself already eat good enough.

Our latest conclusion is: if you want to achieve optimal health level, and achieve maximum progress during exercise, at least every day to eat two cups of vegetables (the equivalent of about two small bowl). This helps to improve immune system function, improve digestion and stable body energy levels, and all these benefits in the physical recovery and growth plays an important role.

All vegetables almost all rich in cellulose, cellulose is a hard to digest of carbohydrates, is also a kind of overlooked didnt essential nutrients. It won't brings to the body, but also for extra calories muscle growth has great benefits. Its action reflected in two aspects. First, make carbohydrates to slower speed inside, body blood glucose levels to remain in a certain degree. If blood sugar level is not stable, the body can release a large amount of cortical hormone, this is a metabolic hormones, not only can decompose muscle, still can increase the difficulty of recovery. Secondly, cellulose can help amino acids absorption. It can keep the wiggle clean and improve work efficiency. At the same time it is also advantageous in protein absorption.

Every high intensity exercise bodybuilder, all of which require large amounts of vitamins and minerals. Unfortunately, many people believe, rely solely on compound vitamin and mineral supplements, compound can satisfy the physical needs. These supplements does have some effect, but they cannot replace natural food throughout the dietary structure of the basic position. You need to replenish enough vegetables, they contained in complex components help vitamin and mineral absorption. These complex composition still can promote meat, cereals, even the sports supplement vitamin and mineral absorption. Strong and handsome nutrition is not only a few simple Numbers, and is not a simple calories, carbohydrate, protein and fat of superposition. Good nutrition plan wouldn't look simply stared at main nutrients. In further improve muscle to restore and growth condition, some minor ingredients can play the role of unexpected.

The latest scientific research proves: vegetable contain lycopene, plant essence, antioxidants, carotenoids, as well as to support, including immune, many metabolic process has an important role of sulfur compounds. Muscle recovery, cannot leave the immune system with strong support. If the immune function decline, not only recover be affected, muscle growth will slow down, calories and protein intake again tall also of no help. Therefore, to the known and the unknown reason, you should enough complement vegetables.

Many bodybuilders eat only one or two kinds of vegetables, usually not spinach is cauliflower into pieces. This is better than not eat or eat only a little better, but if further increase species, the effect will be better. Put all your favorite vegetable species and even some you know little of vegetable species are added to your diet. Such as: asparagus, broccoli, cabbage, LuDouYa, mushroom, onion, pepper (various color), spinach and pumpkins. 

PCB(Printed Circuit Board)

PCB(Printed Circuit Board),is important and electronic components, electronic components are support body, the electronic components are the provider of electrical connections. Since it is made by electronic printing, reason is called "print circuit board.

PCB environmental

In earlier years, PCB belongs to the high-tech industry, foreign most companies control technology output, once bound and limits the PCB industry development. But now we PCB enterprise's development were given a place restrictions, the more developed economy place this limitation is greater, why? Because unknowingly, PCB enterprise development governmental eyes pollution of cultivating, energy consumption of cultivating, water users! While paying great attention to environmental protection and sustainable development today, once put on such "hat", PCB enterprise is really to be "everyone Shouting dozen". In fact, we are large, energy dissipation of cultivating, pollution of water users? Of course not! We PCB enterprise is the low energy consumption and low pollution. We can according to the following data to contrast: from the point of view of environmental protection industry enterprise effluent, through the pollution index to be compared, can see:

1. The PCB enterprise's variety of pollutants is relatively concentrated, mainly COD and heavy metal pollution, no copper cyanide/CD/chrome poisonous things emissions, no carcinogenic, teratogenic, cause the genetic mutation induced material three emissions. But the major of heavy metals pollution of component -- copper ions, through conventional processing methods can be easily removed, so not afraid of pollutants PCB.

2. PCB enterprise concentration of pollutants is low. As is known to all, PCB production of water is demanding, the majority is with pure water, emissions of wastewater is mainly smoke board when brought out the wastewater. Can be seen from the table, relative to other pollution industry speaking, PCB enterprise wastewater concentration of pollutants is very low, especially COD, but other pollution industry 1/10.

3. The wastewater discharge circuit enterprise of freshwater less polluted. Because of the high demand for water circuit, and in the process of production, so tightly control circuit enterprise wastewater of salt (namely conductivity) relative to other industries is much lower. From fresh water resources protection, speaking, salt is crucial to the index, any salt of freshwater resources are polluted. So in comparison, PCB enterprise can call low pollution.

To sum up, the PCB industry in government and social status of large eyes pollution is out of line with reality. Why is the situation appears, what is the reason for PCB industry to wear a pollution's hat? Investigate its reason, have the following:

One is part of environmental protection circuit enterprise and cleaner production no great attention.

This paper firstly analyzes PCB enterprise of itself. At present, there are also a few kinds of enterprise did not understand the importance of environmental protection and clean production. Many companies for the wastewater treatment, waste water reuse, and clean production etc. Are all in order to cope with a check, or for the corresponding qualification certificate, without the ascent to the social responsibility of the enterprise and law of height. Some time ago, we participated in a new standard of written work she visited many enterprises, during a large part of the enterprise, found the wastewater treatment facilities still follow five years ago process, only for heavy metals processing, such as COD pollutants and not give special treatment, and gray water recycle system is decoration. Many enterprises of recycling process without thorough understanding, blind pursue low price products, the results a lot of recycling equipment fundamental operation does not rise, became decoration.

These are all hardware facilities, the other is the soft management issues, such as not processing, less dosing and steal row wait for a phenomenon. These behaviors though just a few enterprise's behavior, but once being tracked down to exceed bid, will in PCB industry wastewater pollution density high, fluctuation, difficult to treat such reasons as to examinations, come down for a long time in the public's heart naturally left PCB enterprise is polluting enterprise impression. It is our own give oneself wore pollution "hat."

Second is the peripheral related enterprise bring us trouble.

From the point of view of environmental protection speaking, PCB enterprise peripheral related enterprise is mainly the recycling waste bath enterprise. Everyone knows that waste bath pollution density high, dealing with large difficulty, there are many bad firms will waste away after bath, producing useful heavy metals, but the rest of them useless liquid steal into environment, which caused great pollution, let governments and people think this is PCB enterprise to bring pollution, PCB enterprise eduction of liquid is unable to process, PCB enterprise is polluting enterprises.

Three is publicity, caused a misunderstanding.

PCB company belongs to a high-tech enterprise, which is generally for production adopts confidential situation, so of external circuit board production process don't understand. Such as cyanide use, PCB industry is only in gold-plated and heavy gold thread, use a small amount of cyanide and discharge of wastewater are through online gold recovery processes handle again after discharged workshop, so basically no cyanide wastewater pollution, it and following the alkali copper usage and emission concentrations fundamental [christy feig, but now just see the production line has cyanide use and electroplating use cyanide equivalent.

PCB enterprise washed wastewater pollution concentration is very low, a part of the bath pollution concentration is higher, such as ink liquid and fluffy agent liquid and etching waste liquid etc., because have these high concentrations of wastewater from exist, many people would think these liquid is representative of the PCB enterprise level of pollution. Actually PCB enterprise of waste liquid trough is treasure, except for one of the heavy metal outside, other chemicals for PCB enterprise that is very important cost savings sources. If the government allowed enterprise to waste bath recycle and reuse, then PCB enterprise couldn't is polluting enterprise reason.

Strengthen self-discipline accelerating technological innovations

Based on the above reasons, we PCB industry this to do? We must the initiative to remove our head, "hat", for our industry to create more broad space for development. I think that the primary should from the following several aspects:

Strengthen self-discipline

Self-discipline should be made by us industry association to lead and regularly or irregularly through various channels for PCB enterprise to investigate, for the adoption of cleaner production or energy conservation and emission reduction of new technology, new technology, steadfast to do work of the enterprise, must in the industry to promotion, praise, and in various ministries for such enterprise for providing realistically help. Instead, for forgery, no social responsibility of the enterprise, we must firmly exposure and report to relevant departments for punishment. Only a stitch in time saves nine, our industry can obtain the public extensive approbate, healthy development.

Positive technical innovations

Now our country energetically advocate clean production and energy saving and emission reduction technology, we PCB enterprises should actively response, strive to each member unit do cleaner production, reduce truly, truly, the discharge of wastes, including waste liquid trough etc. Our member unit can through technical innovation to produce economic benefits, then use our actions to affect peripheral enterprises.

After a while, we industry new standards for pollutants discharge upcoming law, all the enterprise should take it as an opportunity, actively adopt advanced wastewater treatment process, return water technology, clean production technology, etc, to the original traditional process for rectification, such ability make our enterprise have more energy and quickly remove polluting enterprise's hat.

In the new standard, new technology popularization process, we industry association member unit can organize study and communication, please industry has experienced experts for enterprises to interpret the new standard, the promotion of new technology, explore new technology, etc. Our association may also organize expert team for the member unit, door to door services for the member unit eliminated uncertainty. Thus, it can not only provides a platform of communication, still can promote the enterprise to adapt the current industrial situation.

Fourthly, we should improve the transparency of waste and go

The 21st century is open era, we have good aspects should be "show" come out. We shall make proper circuit enterprise propaganda work, to make it clear to the public that our production environment, the producing pollution environment, pollutant discharge of pollutants, speculation. Enterprise as long as strictly implementing cleaner production measures, carefully for wastewater treatment, we PCB industry of energy conservation and emission reduction and wastewater treatment work is not difficult. We welcome a society with the government supervision, this also can supervise and promote PCB enterprise better implementation and improvement of clean production and for energy conservation and emissions reduction.

The PCB's history

The inventor of the printed circuit board is Austrian PaulEisler, he in 1936 in a radio device used in printed circuit board. In 1943, americans will use of this technology in military radio inside. In 1948, the United States formally approved the invention used for commercial purposes. Since the 1950s medium-term on, printed circuit edition technology began to be used extensively.

In printed circuit board before the emergence of electronic components of the interconnection between all rely on wires connected directly to realize. And now, circuit panel only as effective experimental tools and exist, Printed circuit board in the electronics industry has occupied a olute dominant position.

Process control block

Process Control PCB (which), Taiwan translation travel Control table, also have translation mission Control list that is an operating system kernel data structures, mainly expresses Process state.

Although each actual situation is endless and same, PCB usually records process related information, including:

Process state: can be new and comments, running,'re or halted, etc. When a new process, the system allocation of resources and PCB to it. And when the completed a specific task, recover the process system accounts for resources and cancel the process of PCB will cancel the process. The program counter: and then be operational instructions address. The CPU registers: such as accumulators, Index registers (Index), receive en: stack pointer and general purpose registers, status code etc, main USES is interrupted to temporarily store data so that later continue to use, The quantity and classes for computer architecture differences. The CPU scheduling method: priority, such as scheduling queue pointer and other parameters. Memory management: such as labelling Page table (en brief table is) etc. : Accounting information: if the CPU and actual time use quantity, time limit, account, work or process number. Input/output state: configuration process using the I/O devices, such as tape. In fact, the PCB as name, not content from all process related information.

PCB design

For both single panel, double panel, produce multilayer prototypes design, before they are designed with protel PADS, useful, now Allegro, such as design.

Printed circuit design based on circuit principle, realize the circuit designer according to the graph is required functions. PCB design mainly refers to the layout design, you need to consider the external connection layout, internal electronic components of optimizing the distribution, metal attachment and hole optimizing the distribution, electromagnetic protection, heat dissipation of various factors. Excellent layout design can save the cost of production, achieve good circuit performance and radiating performance. Simple layout design can use implement manually, complex layout design needs to refer to the computer aided design (CAD) is realized. 

Globus

Globus is a used to construct calculation mesh of open architecture, open standard projects. Globus Toolkit Globus Toolkit from project. Is an open source mesh foundation platform, based on open structure, open service resources and repositories, and to support the grid and the grid application, the purpose is for the construction of grid application provides middleware services, and program libraries. Globus Toolkit has more unified international standards, help to integrate existing resources, also easy maintenance and upgrading. Now, some important company, including I BM and Microsoft, etc. Are all Globus Toolkit publicly declared support. Most current grid programs are based on GlobusToolkit provided by the agreement and service construction. Globus of resource management, security, information services and data management of grid computing key theory research and provide the basic mechanism and interface the project already developed in various platforms can run on grid computing tool software (Toolkit), support grid computing and the grid application of a set of service and repositories. Help planning and the establishment of large grid experimental platform, suitable for the development of large grid system operation of large application. At present, the Globus toolkit mechanism has been used worldwide hundreds of sites and dozens of major Grid juice calculate project: NASA meshes (NASA IPG) and Europe Data Grid (Data Grid) and the national technical meshes (NTG) etc. 

Pedal fuck most classic beauty great consistence

Pedal fuck, just as its name implies is pedal of aerobics. This movement in America has swept 10 years, still much beloved. With a height adjustable pedal through various on then tread down with the swivel and jumping movement, achieve cardiorespiratory function exercise.

Because of its move feeling, the passion, the characteristics and the feminine leg, hip to the good plastic body function, pedal fuck in gym persists, was considered one of the classic fitness methods, but also an increasingly fashionable method reducing weight.

Lian pedal fuck pedal generally long 100 cm wide, 35 centimetres high 8 centimeters. Pedal height also may according to sports level, pedals technology, knee bends degree and adjustment. The most basic action pedal fuck is the upper plate, plates, doing at least three times a week for 3 months fuck, a cycle.

efficacy

Pedal operation for aerobic, in sufficient oxygen under the condition of long, low intensity exercise. With the height of pedal add this exercise intensity, achieving the same action than on the flat land more energy, will give your legs toughen up, muscular line more slender, effectively solve the problem of coxal prolapse, coupled with the openness and pedal fuck action extend, make your movements more agile and more lightsome. At the same time, still can increase the person's heart lungs function.

Appropriate crowd

Pedal fuck suits all people to exercise, especially for a long time in office, leg ministry is lack of exercise of female, and hope his legs become strong and healthy, change of coxal prolapse. This project is not suitable for patients with heart disease, leg have injured (especially knee, ankle ligament, thighs are injured), weak (such as those in the latter, recover) practice.

Sports preparation

1, sports 1 hour before stop eating (if needed, eating a few digestible produces, liquid food).

2, dress, relaxed, permeability of sports rainments.

3, sufficient warm-up exercise. Due to the double footplate main movements are, plates, turn to the board, the springboard, etc, so want to focus on thighs, ankle, and be fully warm-up stretch.

4, a certain amount of drinking water (best is boiled water). Sports half an hour before, can drink 200-500ml drinking water. For double footplate belong to plenty of exercise, will inevitably cause profusely, activists must keep hydrated, with sponsorial body have enough moisture.

note

1, the plates, notice the barycenter moving.

2 and action process, suggest every 15 minutes to drink a few drinking water. Principle: a few times

3, after exercise should be prepared to fully extend, especially on the legs and coxal extend.

Close hint

1, want to wear good clothes, elastic ingredients to cotton, lai advisable. Of course you also should wear sports shoes, air cushion type of better, so can rise to buffer action. Some people barefoot, so easily jump presented.the damaged ankle.

2, 3 times a week at least should do, three months for a cycle (a lesson can consume 1000-1500 kilocalorie).

3, lian fuck when arise if the result of the legs fatigue action is not harmonious, any part of the form has obvious pain or dizziness, heartbeat too fast, etc., shall be immediately stop exercising, reasonable rest.

4, many women worry about practice pedal leg coarsens executer easily, actually, this kind of worry wasn't necessary. According to expert introduction, pedal fuck is in oxygen supply sufficient condition of long, low intensity exercise won't make muscles. 

Yogurt with milk which more to add fertilizer?

In recent years due to human body has been the benefits of yoghurt, greater attention plus much manufacturers very bullish on this block market, so constantly, introduce many strains, let people have more choices.

Yogurt and milk different places is mainly it adds lactobacillus, therefore in the milk of lactose will be decomposed into lactic acid, and study of lactic acid and calcium (calcium food) combine, most easily absorbed by human body, therefore yogurt suits adolescence growing young adolescents (food) or menopause (menopause food) prone to osteoporosis women drinking. In addition, it creates a gastrointestinal acidic environment, can also help iron (fe food) qualitative absorption.

Mention heat, we must understand it's components. Although each brand vary, but most content simply contain milk and sugar, pectin, fructose and spices, etc. Because americans generally does not adapt too sour yogurt, therefore manufacturers will add sugar or fructose to taste, and therefore increased a lot of heat.

Low-fat milk 240C. J C contains around 120 calories, and an equal portion low-fat yogurt containing 150 to 200 calories but (depending on the families of different plant), so heat than imagined. If you want to drink less of yogurt, heat is recommended you choose defatted and labeled low calorie yogurt, for the same 240C. J C but contains only about 100 calories of quantity of heat.

General than milk or yoghurt calories to the higher, afraid of fat women (food) female friends, or to choose make and types and consumption to restrictions, otherwise imperceptible will drink a heap of heat.

Monocrystalline Silicon

Monocrystalline silicon is single. Has the basic complete bitmap structure of the crystal. Different direction has different properties, is a good semi-conducting water-resistant material. Purity requirement achieves 99.9999%, even to 99.9999999% above. Used in the manufacture of semiconductor devices, solar battery, etc. With high-purity polysilicon on planarization furnace control and into.

Basic concepts

Formula: Si

Molecular weight: 28.086

CAS number: 7440-21-3

Monocrystalline silicon is a kind of active non-metallic element, is an important part of crystal materials, in the frontier of the development of new materials. Its main use is used for semiconductor materials and utilization of solar photovoltaic energy, heat supply, etc. Due to the solar energy has clean, environmental protection, convenient wait for a lot of advantage, nearly three years, solar energy utilization technology in research and development, commercial production, marketing aspects has achieved great development, becomes the world fast and steady development of emerging industries in the world.

Development present situation

Monocrystalline silicon construction project has a huge market and wide development space. In the crust 25.8% of content of silicon, for monocrystalline produce inexhaustible source.

In recent years, various crystal materials, especially with monocrystalline silicon, as a representative of the high-tech value-added material and its relative high technology industry development, become the contemporary information technology industry pillar, and make the information industry has become a global economic developing the fastest growing leading industry. Monocrystalline silicon as an extremely potential, especial for the development and utilization of high-tech resources, is causing more and more concerned.

Meanwhile, in view of conventional energy supply limitation and environmental pressure increases, many countries in the world is starting the development and utilization of solar energy boom and become countries to create sustainable development strategy behead important content. In the 21st century threshold, most countries in the world to participate in the global scope raised for the development and utilization of solar energy heat "green", a wide range of large-scale using solar energy era is coming, the sun level monocrystalline silicon product will also so hot.

In addition, including China the governments have issued a series of "sunshine industry", the preferential policy gives relevant industry key support, monocrystalline silicon industry shows good prospects for development.

Monocrystalline silicon properties; Monocrystalline silicon with diamond crystal lattice. Crystal hard and brittle metal luster. Can conduct electricity. But the conductivity inferior to metal. Bureau increases with temperature. With semiconductor properties. Monocrystalline silicon is important semiconductor materials, in adding trace of monocrystalline IIIA group element. Forming p type semiconductor. Incorporating trace the first vA group element. Formation of n-type and P type conductor unifies in together. You can accomplish solar cells. Will be radiant energy into electricity. In the development of electricity is a promising materials.

Windows Sockets

Windows under network programming specifications - Windows Sockets under Windows widely applied, open, supports multiple protocol network programming interface.

introduction

From 1991 to 1995 version 1.0 2.0.8 edition, after continuous perfecting and in the Intel, Microsoft, from, SGI Novell Informix, etc, the full support of the company, has become the Windows of the DE facto standard network programming.

The Windows Sockets norms

In Berkeley university BSD UNIX U.C. popular in Socket interface as examples, defines a set of Microsoft Windows under network programming interface. It includes not only the people are familiar with the Berkeley Socket style library function, Also includes a group for Windows extension library function, so that the programmer can fully USES Windows news drive mechanism for programming. The Windows Sockets regulating intention is to provide application developers a simple set of apis, and let each network software vendors to comply. In addition, in a particular version of Windows, on the basis of the Windows Sockets also defines a binary interface (ABI) to ensure application Windows Sockets API application can in any network software vendors with Windows Sockets work on the implementation of the protocol. Therefore the standard defines application developers can use, and network software vendors can realize a set of library function calls and related semantics. Keep the Windows Sockets standard network software, which we call Windows Sockets compatible, and Windows Sockets implementation provider, we call Windows Sockets provider. A network software vendors must be 100 per cent to realize Windows Sockets norms to do now Windows Sockets compatible. Any can with Windows Sockets implementation collaborative working application is considered with Windows Sockets interface. We call this application for Windows Sockets applications. The Windows Sockets standard definition and records the how to use the API and Internet protocol clan (IPS, usually we mean the TCP/IP) connected, especially must be pointed out that all the Windows Sockets implementation supports streaming socket and data submitted to set of interfaces. Application procedure call Windows Sockets API realize mutual communication. The Windows Sockets and use a layer of network communication protocol functions and operating system calls achieve actual communications work. The relations between them as shown in the diagram

Communication foundation: set of interfaces

Communication is the basis of Socket (Socket), a Socket is communication end. In the end, you can find a corresponding a name. A being used socket has its type and related process. Socket exists in communication domain. Communication domain is to treat common thread through socket communication and to introduce an abstract concept. Socket usually and the same domain socket exchange data (data exchange may also cross domain boundaries, but this time must perform an explanation program). The Windows Sockets standard support single communication domain, which is the Internet domain. Various process using this domain between each other with Internet protocol clan to communicate (Windows Sockets 1.1 above version to support other fields, such as Windows Sockets 2). Set of interfaces can be classified according to communication properties, This nature is visible to the user. Applications are usually only in the same kind of socket communication between. But as long as the underlying communication protocol allows, different types of set of interfaces between likewise also can communications. Users can use at present two sets of interface, namely flow set of interfaces and data submitted to set of interfaces. Flow socket provides bidirectional, orderly, no repetition and no record of data flow service boundary. Data submitted to socket support two-way flow of data, but does not guarantee is reliable, orderly, no repetitive. That is to say, one from the data submitted to socket receiving information process likely find information repeated, or when the goods are dispatched the order of different. Data submitted a socket important characteristic is its retained record boundary. For this one characteristic, data submitted to socket adopted and now many packet switching network (such as Ethernet) is very similar to the model.

Client/server model

A distributed applications in establishing the example is most often client/server model. In this scheme in client applications to server program to request service. This way the implied in establishing a client/server communication between the asymmetry. Client/server model work requires a consensus for the server and the client to ensure that the convention services can be provided (or accepted). This includes a set of practices has a set of protocols. It must be in communications at the ends of were met. According to different actual situation, agreement may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. In a symmetrical agreements, each party may play a master-slave roles, In asymmetric agreement, one party is invariably considered host, and the other side is from the machine. A symmetric agreement example is used in the simulation of the Internet terminals TELNET. And asymmetric agreement example is the Internet FTP. Whatever specific agreement is symmetrical or asymmetrical, when the service is provided inevitable existence "client process" and "service process." A service programs usually in a well known address to the service request monitor, i.e., service process has been dormant until a customer for this service address puts forward the connection attempt. At this time, service program is "waking" and to provide services to the customer request - appropriate responses. This is a request/corresponding process can be simple graphic. Although connection-oriented services is to design a client/server application standards, but some service is also can pass data submitted to set of interfaces provide.

Through the data submitted to socket send broadcast packets

Data submitted to set of interfaces can be used to many systems support network send broadcast packets. To implement this function, the network itself must support broadcasting function, because the system software does not provide any simulation for broadcasting function. Broadcast information will give the Internet causes very heavy burden, because they need network on each machine hosts are for their services, so send broadcast packets ability is limited to those with explicit marks the radio interface allows the set. Radio is usually in order to use the following two reasons: 1. An application hope in local networks to find a resource, with the application of the resources of the address again without any priori knowledge. 2. Some important functions, such as routing information request them to send all can find the neighborhoods of machine. The destination address is broadcast information depends on this information will be in what network on a radio. Internet domain to support a shorthand address used to broadcast - INADDR_BROADCAST. Because of using broadcast before a data submitted must be bound of interface, so all receive broadcast message contains the sender's address and port.

The Intel microprocessor with Windows Sockets function relationship

The Intel microprocessor byte order is DEC VAX processor bytes and consistent in order. So it with 68000 type processor and the Internet order is different, so the user when use to be very careful to ensure the correct order. Any from Windows Sockets function of IP address and port of quotes, and transmitted to the Windows Sockets function of the IP address and port all is according to the order of network organization, which also includes a sockaddr_in structure this data types of IP address domain and port domain (but not including sin_family domains). Considering an application usually use and "time" service corresponding port to connect the server, and if the server to provide a certain mechanism to notify users use another port. Therefore getservbyname () function returns the socket is already network order, can be directly used in composition an address, without the need for conversion. However, if the user input a number, and designated use this end slogans, applications must be in use it establish address before it from host sequence, convert network order (using htons () function). Accordingly, if the application want to show that contained in a certain address the socket (for example from getpeername () function returns the), this end slogan must be displayed ago from network order to convert to host order (using ntohs () function). Because the Intel microprocessor and Internet byte sequence is different, the transformation is inevitable, the application of the writers should use as Windows Sockets API part of the standard conversion functions, but do not use your own conversion function code. Because the future of Windows Sockets realization are likely in host byte sequence and network byte orders the same machine operation. Therefore only use the standard conversion function applications are portable.

Body balance fuck

Body balance fuck from yoga movement, shirt-sleeve tai chi and classical ballet characteristics. It integrates dynamic music, and make full use of force, stretch and relax, physical exercise new method.

This project is suitable for all ages and physical people participated in a gentle melodious music, when combined with the breath, stretch, in less than 60 minutes of the training process, you will feel balance, flexibility and core of the firm. Concentration and thoughts free play, bring out the best in each other. Combining static, the pursuit of body and mind blends with the rapid and thorough relaxation is its characteristics.

Basic action:

1, down, the right hand as near the foot, left hand upward, into a straight line. Eyes left upper part, crooking fingers. Left tiptoe forward, right tiptoe to right.

2, hands, one raises right bow step, head turned to right, made the waist.


3, accept left leg, including chest, lower the head, hands clench fist.

This movement for relieving stress, relieve pain and design of training routines, and can make your mind and body get exercise, make you become more health and forceful.

Reduce weight should eat more fiber

In food dietary fiber, water-soluble and insoluble dietary fibre two kinds big, to reduce weight and healthy, is very important. Eat more high-fiber foods can prevent obesity, constipation, hernia, hemorrhoids, colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, tooth decay and gallstones "wealth" disease.

Dietary fiber content is the highest food such as rice and wheat grain coriaceous, namely rice bran and a dearth, this kind of fiber insoluble in water, in gastrointestinal in cannot fully digest, no heat, contain vitamin B can make gastric bowel full support, is very effective and safe food reducing weight. The greatest benefit is to promote the large intestine wriggle, shorten the food in the colon stay in the time, prevention of constipation, and reduce the bacteria in large intestine the food into toxic substances opportunities, also can dilute food preexisting toxic substances, reduce colon victimized by chance, prevent colon tumors and colorectal cancer to occur, The lack of such fiber food developing colon and rectal cancers opportunities will increase. So we'd better buy a bit rough rice to eat, though it is not very delicious, but very healthy.

Another kind of food fiber is soluble in water, but you can't digest, but it can lower cholesterol and blood sugar, protect the heart blood vessels, the profit is bigger. Common vegetables and fruits, such as celery, carrots, green vegetables, corn and beans, pear, citrus, plum, apple, peach, watermelon, etc., all contains abundant water soluble fiber, are also high-fiber food intake of these foods, after the intestinal tract can form of co2, so would break wind.

Low fiber food caloric is high, the time is long, by intestinal absorption, as time passes can cause fat. And plant fiber is illnesses longer, weight-loss "medicine". Cellulose exist widely in vegetable leaves, stems and roots and various fruits and seeds, is plant cell wall's main ingredient. Ordinary rice flour, the standard of the fibre content and fine flour than polished white rice, corn containingfibres again more than rice, noodles. For health, should advocate the whole grains, eat more vegetarians. 

Transformer

Transformer introduction

By using the principle of electromagnetic induction transformer to change the ac voltage devices, main component is the primary and secondary coil winding magnetic core (and). In electrical equipment and wireless circuit, used as lifting voltage, matching impedance, security isolated, etc.

Transformer function basically has: voltage transform; Current transform, impedance transformation, Isolation, (magnetic saturation voltage transformer); Self coupling transformer, High voltage transformer (dry and oil-immersed transformer) etc, the commonly used core shape usually have E type and C type, type, ED XED iron type CD type.

Transformer the end-use can be divided into: distribution transformer, electric power transformer and totally-sealing transformer, combined transformer, dry type transformer, single-phase transformer, electric furnace transformer, rectifier transformer, reactor, anti-jamming transformer, thunderproofing transformer, box BianDianQi test transformer corner transformer large current transformer excitation transformer.

The most basic type transformer, including two groups of wire coil around there, and each other by inductance way says close together. When a ac current (has a certain known frequency) - one coil, in another coil has the same frequency will sense the ac voltage, and the voltage induced depends on two coil coupling and into the degree of magnetic chain.

Generally refers to connect ac power coils of wire coil called it "a" (ask coil); And in this coil across the voltage called it "a voltage.". In secondary coil of inductive voltage may outweigh or less than a voltage, is by the first coil and secondary coil between "circle number than" of the decision. Therefore, the transformer is divided into two pressor with a step-down transformer.

Most of the transformer are fixed iron core, its around once and secondary coil. Based on the high guide magnetic iron materials, most directed flux limitations in core, therefore, two groups of coil through which can get quite high levels of magnetic coupling. In some transformer, coils and core between tightly integrated, one times and the ratio of secondary voltage with almost the same ratio coil circle number. Therefore, transformer, the circle number than can be generally as transformer pressor or step-down reference index. Since the booster and step-down function, make transformer has become one of important adjunct modernization power system, promote the voltage electricity to make long distance transmission more economical, as for a step-down transformer, it makes the power use more diversification, it can be said that no transformer, modern industrial solid cannot reach the present development status of.

Electronic transformer in addition to smaller outside, in power transformer and electronic transformer between, and no clear division. General electric power network provide 50Hz source are very huge, it could be covered half a continent area as large capacity. Electronic devices of power restriction, is usually limited rectification, amplification, and a system other components ability, including some partially amplification electricity the power system, but if the electricity generating capacity compared, it still belongs to the scope of small power. The isolated transformer

Various electronic equipment used to transformer, reason is: provide various voltage class to ensure normal operation system, Provide the system in several different potential operating part to electrical isolation, For ac current provide high impedance, but for dc provides low impedance, In different potentials, maintain or modify waveform and frequency response. "" one important impedance concepts, i.e., the feature of electronics is a kind of equipment, namely the preset when circuit module is a class to change from impedance to another class, meantime even use a device - transformer.

Transformer and its experiment and use, is the test transformer, can be divided into inflatable respectively, oil-immersed, dry type transformer is such experiment, power plants, PSB and scientific research institutions from the masses of users to do the basic communication compression experiment test equipment, through a national quality supervision bureau of standards, used for various electrical products, electric components, insulating material etc undertake provisions voltages insulation strength test

Transformer - using electromagnetic induction principle, from a circuit to another circuit relay electric or an electrical signals transmission is electricity transmission or as an important component of the signal transmission

1 transformer - static electromagnetic device

Transformer can be a voltage ac power transformation for the same frequency of another kind of voltage ac power

Voltage inverter main part is a core and set in the core of the two windings.

Transformer principles

With power connected coil, receiving communication power, called a winding

And load connected coil, send out communication power, called the secondary winding

A winding of secondary winding

Voltage phasor U1 voltages are adjustable phasor U2

Current phasor I1 current phasor I2

Emf phasor E1 emf phasor E2

Circle number N1 N2 circle number

At the same time pay chain once, secondary winding directed flux of phasor for phi m, this mainly directed flux says flux

Transformers group

Transformer components including implement body (iron core, winding, insulating, fuses), transformer oil, fuel tanks and cooling device, pressure regulating devices, protective device (hygroscopic device, safety airway, gas relay, storage ark and temperature measuring devices, etc) and qualify casing. 

Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC)

Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) DNS safety expansion, is provided by IETF a series of DNS safe authentication mechanism for RFC2535). It provides a source identification and data integrity expansion, but not to ensure availability, encryption sex and confirmed domain name does not exist.

If want to communicate via the Internet others, it must in computer type an address (by name or digital representation). This address must be unique, so that the computer can determine the position of each other. ICANN responsible for globally coordinated such unique identifiers. If no such coordination, we wouldn't have unified global Internet. In type in the name, must first by a system will be the name is converted to a digital, and then to establish connections. This System is called Domain Name System (Domain Name System, DNS), it will be similar to the WWW. Icann. Org names into digital, these figures called the Internet Protocol (IP) Protocol, Internet address. ICANN for addressing coordinate system to ensure that all addresses are unique.

Recently, people in DNS found some loopholes, and attacker can use these loopholes hijacked a name on the Internet use search someone or a site process. Such attacks to achieve control of conversation with carrying out an operation, such as the user to enter hijacker set yourself deceptive site in order to collect user account and password.

Because these bugs present, people are more and more hope to introduce a type called DNS Security extension (DNS) DNSSEC Extensions, Security to protect the Internet technology, this part of the infrastructure.

The following questions and answers DNSSEC tries to explain what and why says its implementation is very important.

1) first, what is the root area?

Will people can remember the DNS domain name for a computer to the use of digital conversion in search of its destination (used to locate a somewhat similar to the telephone directory) telephone number. It phases complete the job. It "search" first place is a catalogue service's top domain, namely "the root zone". With the WWW. Google. Com, for example, your computer will "inquiry" root regional directory (namely top domains) where to find relevant ". Com "information. In reply, it will ask by the root directory logo of "area. Com" directory service where to find relevant. Google. Com (2) of information, and finally asked by ".com "logo of Google j j com directory service WWW. Google. Com address is what (3). In the implementation of this process after (the process almost instantaneous finish), your computer can obtain complete address. These directory services respectively by different entity I carry management: Google. Com by Google management, ".com "by VeriSign j Corporation management (other top domain by other organization management), and root area by ICANN management.

2) why we need "to root area of signature"?

Through will recently in DNS found in the loopholes and technical progress, combined with the attacker has greatly shortened hijacked DNS lookup process of any one of the steps needed time, which can quickly made of conversation control to implement a malicious user operations (e.g., into the hijacker set yourself deceptive site in order to collect user account and password). If want to eliminate this loophole in the long run, the only solution is end-to-end form deploy a called DNS Security extension (DNS Security DNSSEC) Security Extensions, agreement.

3) what is DNSSEC? One of the purposes of DNSSEC technology development is based on data digital "signature" against such attacks, thus make you sure data effectively. But, in order to eliminate the hole from Internet, must be in from the root area to a final domain (for example, WWW. Icann. Org) finding process for each step of the deployment of the technology. The root area of signature (in the root DNSSEC) is a regional deployment course of the necessary steps. Need explanation is, this technology is not the data encryption. It just verify your visit the site address is effective.

4) what factors can stop addressing chain of all other part USES DNSSEC?

What factors are unable to stop. However, like any depend on other parts to the role of chain is same, if you wrong root area of signature, will there are big defects. Namely, addressing chain of some parts can trust, and other parts may not be able to trust.

5) for ordinary users, this technology will be how to improve safety?

Fully deployed DNSSEC can ensure end users connected to specific domain correspond to actual web site or other services. Although this will not solve all of the Internet security problems, but it does protect the Internet a key part of the (namely directory search), thus to SSL (HTTPS:) and other protection "conversation" technical complements, and for the development of stand-to safety improvement technology provides the platform.

6) in the root area to sign, actual what happened?

Use DNSSEC "to root area to sign the", will be in root regional documents for each top-level domain (add a few records. Added content is a key, and a test this key valid signature.

DNSSEC for record provides validation approaches. It will not be encrypted data or change the data management, and with the current DNS and application "backwards compatible". This means that it will not change the Internet addressing system based on existing agreement. It will be a series of digital signature combined to DNS hierarchical structure and makes each level has its own signature generate the keys. This means, for similar to the WWW. Icann. Org domain, this path of every organisation must to below its organization decryption key signature. For example,. Org to icann. Org keys to sign on. Org, root area of decryption key signature. In the validation process, DNSSEC along the trust chain all the way back to the root zone, and automatically using the path of "father" key verification "son" key. Because each key can be improved by it's a key verification, so the whole domain verified the only required keys are the topmost parent key (namely root key).

However, the hierarchical structure means that, even to root area of the signature, across all domain names completely deployment DNSSEC will also is a time-consuming process, because the following each domain by their respective also require the operator to sign, so as to accomplish a specific trust chain. The root area to sign is just a beginning. But it is of vital importance. Recently, TLD operators in the region has accelerated (. J bg, se, j j j cz, br, pr do now account. The UK, j j, ca and other looming area) on the pace of the work on the DNSSEC deployment, and other operators are also expected to do so.

7) root area is how to manage files?

The root of management from the following four regional entity jointly completed:

I) ICANN perform "IANA" function, this is a business department with the United States has signed a contract of international non-profit corporation. IANA said Internet Numbers distribution institution (Internet Numbers Assigned Authority). ICANN receiving and review from the top field (TLD) operator (for example, ".com ") information.

Ii) National Telecommunications Administration center (National Telecommunications and Information under the NTIA) to root area, the change of accredit, this is the us department of commerce within a government in China.

Iii) VeriSign is a u.s.-based for-profit companies, the company signed a contract with the us government, responsible for use by providing and validation and ICANN by the us department of commerce authorized change information to root area of editing, and contains information about where to find relevant TLD (for example, ".com ") information root distribution; regional documents

Iv) a group of international root server operators, these operators volunteer operation and have all over the world have more than 200 sets of servers, and these servers is responsible for delivering all over the Internet from root root of regional file information. According to the Numbers, the root server operators for:

A) VeriSign enabled Services for Global optimisation techniques,

B) is located at the university of southern California (USC) of information science research Institute (Informati o n Sciences Institute);

C) Cogent Communications,

D) the university of Maryland,

E) the NASA Ames Research Center (NASA Ames true Center); F) Internet by telephone under 0120-2714540 Consortium Inc.,

G), U.S. defense Network Information Center (U.S.); a Information Center DOD

H) American Army Research laboratory (U.S. Army true Lab);

I) Autonomica/NORDUnet (Sweden);

J) VeriSign enabled Services for Global optimisation techniques,

K) 5 NCC (Holland);

L) ICANN;

M) WIDE bought (Japan).

8) why by a group of information for review and editing and signature for DNSSEC safety is very important?

For DNSSEC speaking, trust each link in the chain of function are based on the user for this link review key and other organization that has the DNS info of trust. In order to ensure the integrity of the information and maintenance of the trust, while the data validation after must take immediate measures to prevent its mistakes (whether malicious or accidental) -- in cross organization boundary exchange important data, at any moment, introduce errors. Let the same organization and system will be validated materials directly into signed areas, can keep trust, until release date. This way is more secure.

As people for DNSSEC will bring the DNS safety more confidence, will be for verification and identify TLD from ICANN trust support materials acquired during the process of trust lasted until the root already signed regional file are becoming increasingly important.

9) in DNSSEC, what is the KSK and ZSK?

KSK says Key signature Key (Key specific Signing Key specific) (a long-term Key), ZSK said regional signature Key (Zone) (Signing Key specific a short-term Key). If I had enough time and data, encryption key ultimately will be cracked. For use in DNSSECv asymmetric-key or public key cryptography is concerned, this means that an attacker can through strong attack methods or other methods to determine the public-key - private-key is the private key part (this part used to create on the effectiveness of the DNS records verified signature), so that DNSSEC provides protection failure. DNSSEC use short-term key (namely regional signature key (ZSK) to regular calculation DNS records signature while using the long-term key (namely key signature key (KSK)) to calculate ZSK signature, in order to make it can be verified, thus foiled the cracked attempt. ZSK is frequently change or rolling, in order to make the attacker hard "guess", and the longer term KSK is much more over a long period of change (currently only after the best practices in years for the unit set at this time paragraph). Because of ZSK KSK to sign and ZSK for DNS records, so just have to sign the KSK can verify the area of the DNS records. It is authorized Signer (DS) record Delegation Signer, "father" transfer to form a regional KSK examples. Father area (for example, root area) to use its own, by its own KSK signature of ZSK pairs area (for example,. Org) DS records for signature.

This means that if DNSSEC was completely using, the root area by DNSSEC KSK will be each domain (or validation stand-to development application) part of the validation of the chain.

10) who manage these keys?

According to the proposal, ICANN will remain the key infrastructure, but for practical KSK proofs generated by foreign hold. To make this process in the global fully accept, this is a very important factor. ICANN not each entity in holding credentials should be adopted when the specific solutions Suggestions, but think, like all of the above problem, as the solution of the problems should be solicited public opinion, and by the us department of commerce, make a decision. 

Pick the goggles don't attend to prevent mist

When swimming must choose a pair of goggles, good result can see underwater, secondly can protect the eyes. Lens to pick high-definition. When buying carefully the GuanChaJing clarity, light transmittance and prevent mist effect.

The short time swimming hemispherical lens face, can inspect sense clear realism over 95%, Long time swimming goggles with plane, prevent to produce myopia, but the mirror easy to cause the waves trace, poor perspective effect.

Many people buy the goggles pay attention to prevent mist sex, actually new goggles fog proof validity mostly for 3 months, three months after daub anti-fog coating need.

Glasses gasket suction wants moderate, not tight, the better. Currently on the market the goggles with rubber, silica gel etc give priority to, among them rubber is the most traditional material, it is hard, aging, cheap price, Silicone products to the skin and harmless, suitable for allergic crowd, anti-aging strong sex.

Inspection waterproof properties, firstly the mirror, put down by the goggles in eyes, and feel the gasket suction, meanwhile gently press lenses will inside lens discharge air, if the suction moderate, explain waterproof no problem.

Of course, waterproof performance will be different because of adding a little different, so when the choose and buy must do it myself. Gasket hardness wants moderate, too hard can cause a bone pain, too soft will lead to high intraocular pressure, will affect the use. 

1 day 4 a cup of black coffee absolutely crazy thin not only

The love drink coffee by more and more people, coffee charm of the taste of taking pains except it with spectacular aroma and refreshing xingnao role, coffee can also beauty! Together with a cup of coffee, recall boundless in this romantic moment, already full the luck to eat STH delicious, and beautiful face.

Product coffee thin body

The caffeine in coffee, have promote adipose decompose role, will adipose release in the blood, so drink coffee can also reduce weight. Generally 1 day 4 cups of milk without sugar and coffee can achieve ideal weight loss situation. But intestines and stomach indigestion, heartburn, easy insomnia had better not use this method.

If you don't habit of coffee acrid, can add the milk of a few, but do not add candy, because sugar can interfere with adipose decompose.

Hot coffee than iced coffee effective

Hot coffee can help you faster consumption quantity of heat inside body. Shallow the coffee that spends bake the most effective. Bake high temperature of coffee, although flavour is full-bodied, but coffeine content is less detrimental to reduce weight, and taste to compare weak American coffee is more advantageous lose weight.

Smell the coffee thin body

The aroma of coffee makes people mood stable and can improve sensory sensitivity, so work, drink a cup of coffee can improve work efficiency, also more can stimulate you to lose weight will.

Coffee exercising after slimming method

Because coffee drinking after 30 to 40 minutes in the blood of fatty acid concentration are high, at this moment with proper motion can be fatty acid into heat, effectively burning fat. For example a brisk walk for 10-15 minutes; Don't take the elevator and the stairs back office or home: can also situ small sport: like reverse extend upper body, tapping his feet, receive an abdomen, etc.

Coffee grounds massage slimming method

Use boiled coffee grounds massage can not only make skin smooth and firming, hairdressing effect. If use coffee slag mix coffee fluids in easy adipose corner of the lower abdomen, thighs, waist-buttock parts, such as blood, lymphatic flow along the direction toward the heart region move, can achieve decompose adipose result reducing weight, if bath when massage the effect will be better.

Coffee thin great consistence

Material: coffee powder right amount and massage oil amount method: coffee soybean meal and massage oil concocting, spiraling by cha thigh and want thin places.

Efficacy: coffee powder can promote skin blood circulation, avoid cellulite produce, make ham skin more tight.

Office coffee thin body best time

1 and after lunch 30 minutes to an hour, taste a bosom full-bodied, without sugar and coffee, conduce to partner after digestion and promote adipose combustion.

2, before coming off work another cup of coffee and cooperate on foot. 

Frequency band

Frequency band, is a communication related and sound streaks of words, communications aspects band means certain radio frequency range.

Communication frequency

concept

Band is certain frequency range.

For example, we use the radio, some can reap medium-wave, some can reap medium-wave, shortwave, and FM. People purchase the radio and total first to make sure it can receive several band, the band is equivalent to what we call tuner.

According to international radio rules, the existing radio communication was divided into aviation communication, sailing communication, land communications, satellite communication, radio, TV, radio navigation, positioning and remote measure, remote control, space exploration etc 50 kinds of different business, and for each business have stipulated certain frequencies.

Communication frequency division

Various communications system to use channel frequencies and a selective and rationality of the assignment problem, so reasonable use and try to save frequency resource, meet efficient and reliable transmission requirements.

For the cable channel, important is to choose a different transmission media and broadband media channel frequency reuse. General according to the channel business requirements, considering each they required of the foregoing cable channel (constant) the performance features of parameter, such as loss, delay and phase shift characteristics, and minimum and maximum cutoff frequency etc, to determine the tuner.

Undersea communication is suitable for extremely low frequency band, it has very good transmission performance, Any baseband signal transmission using baseband signal bandwidth for all the cutoff frequency low frequency band, analog voice low frequency transmission using only 300 ~ 3400Hz or quality sound (music) from 50Hz to 15kHz bandwidth.

Complex problem is, all kinds of wireless communication according to the space electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics, to choose and proper distribution working band. Itu-t R of spectrum allocation made specific rules, in various countries and various departments shall scientific and strict control frequency point use.

Electromagnetic wave by launching to receiving way can be divided into three kinds: one is to rely on through the ground; called "ground" 2 it is by space between two straight line dissemination called a "space; wave" Three is to rely on earth above the ionosphere reflection to the ground one hop or multiple hops strightline, called "TianBo".

Along the surface of the ground spread, because along the ground electromagnetic wave propagation induced current, jumping by ground this kind of good conductors attenuation, and the higher the frequency, the greater the integrating skin effect loss is bigger. Therefore for ground in mw (i.e. longwave and hundreds of KHZ to a few MHZ), such as broadcasting from 535kHz to 1605kHz frequency (each 10kHz a program) is an example.

Few MHZ to dozens of MHZ of short-wave (FFT) suitable for TianBo spread, sending the distance between the far outweigh the ground, can reach hundreds of kilometers to thousands of kilometers, depending on the antenna Angle size. Had mentioned above, the ionosphere to the reflection of the electromagnetic absorption, the attenuation, ionization concentration is bigger, and the loss caused by the ionosphere random changes in electromagnetic wave attenuation is undulating decline phenomena.

If a shorter wavelengths, i.e. higher frequency range, such as hundreds of megahertz to several JiHe (109Hz) above, the into microwave band. This frequency electromagnetic wave, the ionosphere, and no longer absorb rarely be reflected back to the surface. Such as satellite communications, electromagnetic wave can penetrate the ionosphere spread to a satellite. This kind of space wave propagation and light have analogue, not only straight line dissemination, and electromagnetic wave also have diffraction (diffraction) function, and can be bypassed some local obstacles. For example, microwave relay apanage pastry and between points straight line dissemination, besides should suffer ground environment (swamp, mountain, forest etc) certain influence outside, antenna, so too inconvenience erection relay (relay) section but four, 50 kilometers, usually called "over" communication.

Wireless communication all needs to transceiver antenna length and wavelength lambda matched antenna size for 1/4 · lambda, so use omni-directional antenna with the broadcasting radio antenna may not stable erect 100 meters. Using the GSM mobile phones 900MHz band antennas, can be short as a few centimeters long, for the mobile phone miniaturization portable bring great convenience.

All wireless communication are spread through free space, in order to reasonable use frequency, regions of communication and from mutual interference, ITU scientifically distribution of various communication system of applicable frequencies, each band frequencies and wavelength corresponding values and name, by the international telecommunication union (ITU wireless committee - R) promulgated, the countries and regions and cities are equipped with corresponding radio management committee for homeland and this district wireless fixed-frequency reasonable coordination. 

Internet access

Internet access through specific information acquisition and sharing of transmission channels, use the following transmission technology completing the user and IP wan high bandwidth and high speed of physical connection.

1, telephone dial-up (PSTN)

Common narrowband access method. That is, through telephone lines, the use of local operators access number, dial-up access to the Internet, rate does not exceed 56Kbps. Characteristic is easy to use, only effective telephone lines and cabin MODEM PC can be completed access.

Use in some low rate of network applications (such as web surfing, chatting, EMAIL query etc), mainly suitable for temporary access or no other broadband access sites use. Faults are rate is low, cannot achieve some high speed requirements of the network service, followed by higher cost (access fees by telephone TongXinFei and Internet use composition).

2, ISDN

Known as "the first tong". It USES digital transmission and digital switching technology, telephone, fax, data, image and so on many kinds of operation integrated in a unified digital network for transmission and processing. Users with a ISDN line, can be in Internet users at the same time telephone, fax, just like two telephone line the same. There are two basic rate interface ISDN 64kbps information channel and a signaling pathways, abbreviation 16kbps 2B + D, when people call dial the fashionable, it will automatically release a B channel to telephone. Mainly suitable for ordinary families users. Faults are rate is still low, cannot achieve some high rate of network services; request Secondly is charge also higher (access fees by telephone TongXinFei and Internet use composition).

3, xDSL access

Is mainly an ADSL/ADSL2 + the access method is given priority to, is currently using the most extensive copper access method. ADSL can be directly used to existing telephone lines, through ADSLMODEM after the digital information transmission. Theory can reach the 8Mbps rate of 1Mbps descending and ascending, transmission distance is up to 4 ~ 5 km. ADSL2 + rate can reach 1Mbps 24Mbps descending and ascending. In addition, the latest VDSL2 technology can be 100Mbps downlink each speed. Features are rate stability, bandwidth alone, without interfering with speech data etc. Applicable to family, personal and other users to most of the network applications, satisfy some broadband business including IPTV, VOD video (VOD), distance education, the videophone, multimedia retrieval, the LAN interconnected, Internet access, etc.

4, HFC (CABLEMODEM)

Is a kind of copper resources based on cable TV network access styles. Internet connection with special characteristics, allowing users to through the cable television network to realize high speed access to the Internet. Applicable to have cable television network in the family, individuals or small groups. Features are rate is higher, access convenient (through cable data transmission, do not need wiring), which can realize various video service, high-speed download, etc. Weakness is based on cable TV network architecture is to belong to the network resources sharing type, when the user surge, rate would decline and unstable, expansibility enough.

5, light broadband access

Via fiber-optic access to the village to the node or corridor, again by cable connected to each share point (usually less than 100 meters), provide certain areas of high-speed Internet access. Features are high rate and strong anti-jamming capability, applicable to family, individual or group enterprises of all types, may realize the all kinds of high rate of Internet application (video service, high-speed data transmission, remote sensing, etc.), defect is one-time wiring cost is higher.

6, passive optical network (PON)

PON (passive optical network) technology is a kind of point-to-multipoint fiber optic transmission and access technology, bureau end to client maximum distance for 20 km, total transmission capacity access system for each ascending and descending 155Mbps / 622M / 1Gbps, by all users to share, each user use of bandwidth can with 64kbps stepping division. Characteristic is access high rate and can realize all kinds of high rate of Internet application (video service, high-speed data transmission, remote sensing, etc.), defect is one-time invest more.

7, wireless network

Is a cable access extensions of the technology, use of radio frequency (RF) technology is empty sending and receiving data, reduce use wire connection, so the wireless network system can reach the purpose of construction of computer network system, and also can let equipment arrangements freely and move. In the public open places or enterprise internal, wireless networks will generally as existing cable network, a supplementary way with wireless card computer through wireless means convenient access to the Internet. 

Amusement regimen fishing fitness

Fishing as a kind of daily leisure sports, can not only raises the interest hobby, still can fitness, exercise. For people, kill two birds with one stone, why not?

1, heavy fall far-flung bait appropriate is small

Cast throw, bait regiment staff with lead fell by air and wind resistance. The resistance to the bait group size the line thickness is closely related to the bait regiment bigger its flight resistance is greater, placement is closer.

Cast rod want to throw far, you must use heavy fall small bait, with the help of a group heavy weight cast far, small bait can be molded into the wind resistance good oval, in order to reduce the influence of air and wind. But drive before the bait fish can be appropriately a few bigger, so quickly gathered fish bait.

2, add pendant in heavy favorable add hook

Cast rod fishing, some if in a natural body of water fishing, worry to use lead fall will hang bottom, have increased by using bait group, a method to bait and reduce hang, but avoid the lead not just as a role positioning, and make fish hooks functions.

Cast rod fishing is in DiaoZhe unwitting next biting, who all had no way of fish biting, only the first signal in fish hook after, DiaoZhe can get through. YuXun rod tip

Therefore, DiaoZhe not Yang rod before, make fish hook strength all from lead object, lead fell on a fishing in the group and the behavior of the fish hooks in a certain role of traction, if no lead object, would cause wiles puncture weakness, give fish caused more decoupling opportunity, so are fishing group had better not use fishing bait generation to fall, unless it is underwater method of 8,000 swarms of fishing bait fish with solid point of take and pharynx tooth of fish.

3, empty hook accept line speed evenly

Some if in left hook, rod fishing rod Yang group change, will accept line YuLun wave proclaim slower so that is quick, can make the line in not load conditions, ShiJinShiSong, causing line online slot showed irregular arrangement, at next cast hit not only easy fry line, but will also be disorderly line.

Therefore, a careful to every detail is necessary. Empty rod spooler make YuLun evenly maintain certain rotational speed, so even if line no load nor buried fry line hidden trouble.

4, empty hook up quickly to avoid hang bottom

Rod fishing rod with hand throw fish, but also in YuXun (movement) are under the condition of the staff, DiaoZhe in empty eagerly hope get have fish hook signal, excitedly Yang pole, when found empty rod, turning YuLun hand would be more wave slower.

When a gravitational big lead wire collecting power of movement, naked hook will fall bottom hook underwater 8,000 or tree obstacles such as silk and hang bottom, light is loss fishing group, heavy then pulled lines, himself to add needless trouble. Therefore, in DiaoZhe found hollowing rod or changing the bait, must pay attention to the empty hook fast on, avoid hang bottom.

5, first team ChaoWang wait for the fish into the copy

And the DiaoZhe a to the river, hurried mix bait fish hooks baited open, when a into the water, it ran to the other if place chat. The fish, embrace rod walk along while, prepare copy fish, just remember ChaoWang not installed, temporary hurry-scurry, very is passive.

Correctly method is put hooks baited into fishing points after should be timely assembly ChaoWang, lest the fish prior, sets a passive.  

Drink olive oil helps reduce weight

Speaking of olive oil, there are many people in it is not familiar with, and thinks of above all is the kind of waste bodybuilder wipe shining oil. It's actually a kind of edible oil, health care dramatically lower than other oil contains quantity of heat. Olive oil is not only rich in unsaturated fatty acid, still contain helps to prevent cardiovascular disease squalene, valley sterols and vitamin E.

Olive oil contains rich vitamin and oleic acid, including vitamin A can moisturize dry skin, prevent skin up scraps, Vitamin D can promote human metabolism, Vitamin E can stimulates the blood circulation unblocked, restrain skin further aging. Vitamin K is able to absorb subcutaneous redundant and adipose. It can not only help digestion, still can prevent constipation, so exercise every morning before, fasting 8ml ~ 16ml olive oil, drinking or append the milk, yoghurt, honey and fruit juice etc together, can cooperate with fitness, take to weight control effect.

Olive oil is rich in vitamin E and other antioxidants, can restrain the sun in active factor of the damage. Especially in other sports do mountaineering, run, before the sun but the sun is not very strong, can add a drop in skincare olive oil, avoid the skin by ultraviolet radiation damage, cause redness and swelling.

Suggestion: starting in exercise before applying heat towel first apply the lips, again with olive oil cover on lips, fingers lightly massage for a few minutes, hold to a few days will receive the good effect. Back on the sebaceous glands rarely, exercise and often expose outer, need often to replenish moisture and oily cent, otherwise, it is easy to crack cut. Carry-on prepare a bottle of olive oil, are washing their hands or feel dry wipe some to keep hands moist.

SMT(Surface Mounted Technology)

SMT（Surface Mounted Technology）electronics assembly industry is currently one of the most popular technology and technics.

SMT differ

High density assembly, electronic products small volume, light weight, patch of components of the bulk and weight only traditional cartridge elements 10 or so, generally USES SMT after, electronic product size decreased 40% ~ 60%, and the weight 60% ~ 80%. SMT

High reliability and vibration-proof ability. Solder defects low.

Frequency characteristic well. Reduce the electromagnetic and rf interference.

Easy to realize the automation and improve production efficiency. Reducing cost up to 30% ~ 50%. Save material, energy, equipment, manpower, time, etc.

Why should use SMT

Electronic products used in pursuit of miniaturization, already cannot narrow plugin components perforation.

Electronic product function more complete, adoption of integrated circuit (IC) has no punched components, especially large-scale, high integration IC, have to use the surface patch components.

Product PiLiangHua, automated production, the manufacturer with low cost but high yield, produce high quality products to meet customer demand and strengthen market competitiveness

Electronic components development, integrated circuit (IC) development, semiconductor materials to multiple applications.

Electronic technology revolution is imperative, chasing after the international trend.

SMT basic process elements

Printing (or dispensing) - - - - > > mounted (cured) - - - - > > reflow soldering clean -- -- > > detection repair

printing

Its function is to solder paste or patch glue to its of the PCB soldering plate, and preparing for the components of welding. Equipment used for printing presses SMT processing workshop

(solder paste printer), located in the SMT production line of the front-end.

dispensing

For now is used mostly double-sided PCB patch, to prevent second down into the components for when solder paste again melting and peels, therefore, in input face plus deck glue machine, it is will glue drops to the PCB's fixed position, its main effect is components fixed to a PCB. Equipment used for dispensing machines, located at the forefront of SMT production line or testing equipment of behind. Sometimes due to the customer request output surface also need some glue, but now many small factories all need not dispensing machines, if input surface components bigger when employing worksite glue.

Pasted on

Its function is to surface assembly components installed to the PCB's fixed accurate position. Equipment used for placement machine, located in SMT production line of printing machines behind.

curing

Its function is to patch glue melting, thus making the surface assembly components and PCB firm bonding together. Equipment used for curing furnace, located in SMT production placement machine of behind.

Reflow soldering

Its effect is solder paste is melting, make surface assembly components and PCB firm bonding together. Equipment used for reflow oven, located in SMT production placement machine of behind.

cleaning

Its function is to assemble the good PCB above harmful to human body welding residues such as flux, etc to eliminate. Equipment used for cleaning machine, position can not fixed, can online, also don't online.

detection

Its function is to assembly good PCB assembly welding quality and quality detection. Equipment used have a magnifying glass, microscope, online tester (ICT), flying probe tester, automatic optical inspection (AOI), X RAY detection system, function - tester etc. According to the test needs, position can be furnished with production line appropriate place.

repair

Its function is to detect malfunction PCB board undertakes rework. Tools for iron and repair workstation, etc. Configuration in production line in any position.

SMT common knowledge introduction

1. Generally speaking, SMT workshop specified temperature for 25 + 3 ℃.

2 the printing, prepares the material and tools required for solder paste, steel, scraper, wipe paper, air-laid paper, cleaning agents, mixing sword.

3. Usually used for solder paste alloy ingredients, and Sn/Pb alloy alloy ratio for 63/37.

4 the solder paste in main ingredients into two most tin powder and flux.

5. Flux in the main function is to remove weld melting tin oxide, destroy the surface tension, prevent oxidation again.

6. The solder paste in tin powder particles and Flux (Flux) volume ratio of about 1:1, the weight ratio of about now.

7. The solder paste and use principle is advanced in first out.

8. The solder paste in kaifeng when using, shall undergo two important process back to temperature, stirring.

9. Steel common methods of producing for: etching, laser, electroforming.

10. SMT's full name is mounting Surface mount technology (or), Chinese meaning for the Surface adhesion (or mounted) technology.

11. The ESD is the full name of Electro - static fiberglass, Chinese meaning for electrostatic discharge.

12. Make SMT equipment applications, program, including five most, the five parts for PCB data, Mark data, Feeder data, Nozzle data, 'ts data.

13. Lead-free solder Sn/Ag/Cu 96.5/3.0/0.5 melting point for 217C.

14. Parts of the relative humidity controlled for drying oven < 10%.

15. Common passive components (PassiveDevices) are: resistor, capacitor, some sense (or diodes); etc. Active components (ActiveDevices) are: transistors, IC, etc.

16. Common SMT steel plate made of stainless steel.

17. Common SMT steel plate thickness.15 mm (or 0.12 mm).

18. Static charge produce kinds of friction, separation, induction, electrostatic conduction; etc. Static charge on the influence of the electronics industry for: ESD failure, electrostatic pollution; Static removing the three principles for electrostatic neutralization, grounding, shielding.

19. The imperial size long x width 0603 = 0.06 a * 0.03 a long x width size, metric 3216 = 320 mm * 1.6 mm.

20. Exclusion ERB - 05604 - J81 8 yards "4" expressed as four loops, resistance to 56 ohms. Capacitance ECA - 0105Y - M31 let value of C = 106PF = 1NF = 1X10 - due.

21. ECN Chinese all known as: engineering change notification, SWR Chinese all known as: special needs work, must by relevant departments counter-sign, document centers distributed reply.

22. The specific content of 5S to collating, rectify, cleaning, cleaning, literacy.

23. PCB vacuum packing is the purpose of dust-proof and moistureproof.

24. The quality policy for: total quality management, implement system, provide customer needs quality, Full participation, timely treatment, to achieve zero defect targets.

25. Quality three-no policy is: don't accept bad product, not manufacture defective product, not outflow non-conforming.

26. The QC seven gimmick in 4M1H respectively in the fishbone check reason means (English) : man, machines, materials, methods and environment.

27. The solder paste ingredients include: metal powder, soluble jinan, flux, resistance to vertical flow agent, surfactant, By weight points, metal powder of 85-92%, by volume points metal powder 50%, Including metal powder ingredient for tin and lead, proportion to 63/37, melting point for 183 ℃.

28. The solder paste must be used with from the refrigerator to temperature, the purpose is: let refrigeration solder paste temperature reply at normal temperature, eli printing. If you don't return temperature is in PCBA into Reflow easily after the adverse for tin beads.

29. Machine of document and supply mode are: prepare mode, priority exchange model, exchange model and speed connect mode.

30. SMT PCB localization way: vacuum positioning, mechanical hole positioning, bilateral clip positioning and plate edge localization.

31. Printing (symbol) 272 resistance, resistance is 2700 Ω, resistance is 4.8 M Ω resistance of symbols (printing) for 485.

32. BGA ontology of silk contains manufacturer, the manufacturer materials issue, specification and Datecode / (guernsey aubject) and other information.

33 the 208pinQFP pitch for 0.5 mm.

34 QC seven gimmick, the fishbone diagram emphasize find causality,

35. CPK refers to: at present practical situation of process capability,

36. Flux in constant temperature zone to begin volatile chemical cleaning action;

37. The ideal cooling zone curve and reflux area curve mirror relations;

38. Sn62Pb36Ag2 of solder paste main trial in ceramic plate;

39. Start with rosin primarily flux can be divided into four kinds: R, RA, RSA, RMA;

40. RSS curve for heating furnace-rough thermostatic - backflow - cooling curve,

41. We are currently using the PCB material for FR - 4,

42. No more than the PCB warping specifications diagonal 0.7%,

43. The STENCIL production laser cutting is ok again dhi method,

44. The present computer motherboard is used for 0.76 mm BGA ball diameter,

45. The ABS system for absolutely coordinate;

46. Ceramics chip capacitor ECA - 0105Y - K31 error more or less 10%,

47. Currently used computer PCB, its material for: glass fiber board;

48. SMT parts packaging its volume belt type dish for 13 inch in diameter, 7 inches,

49. SMT general steel myriapod than PCB PAD small 4um can prevent tin ball adverse phenomenon;

50. According to "PCBA inspection norms. When ErMianJiao > 90 degrees said solder paste and wave soldering body without adhesion,

51 after unpacking j IC card is greater than the humidity in the humidity 30% of cases said IC damp and moisture absorption,

52. Solder paste ingredients in tin powder and flux weight ratio and the volume ratio of right is 90% : 10%, 50% : 50%;

53. Early of the surface of sticky outfit technology originated in the mid 1960s the military and aerospace electronics field, 54. The current SMT most frequently used solder paste of Sn and Pb content of each 63Sn 37Pb; for:

55. Common bandwidth for 8mm tape materials plate for feeding spacing 4mm;

56. In the early 1970s, the industry have recently a SMD, for "sealed but no feet chip carrier", often in HCC Jane generation.

57. The symbol for the components of the resistance should be 272 2.7 K ohms,

58. 100NF component tolerance of the value and the same; 0.10 uf

59. 63Sn 37Pb the eutectic point for 183 ℃;

60. SMT usage's biggest electronics parts material is ceramics;

61. Back to welding stove temperature curve its curve 215C most suitable; the highest temperature

62. Tin stove when examination, tin stove temperature 245 ℃ more appropriate,

63. Plate opening roller type squares, triangles, round, astral form; this lei,

64. SMT section exclusion or without direction,

65. At present on market sale of solder paste, actual only 4 hours sticky time,

66. The SMT equipment use commonly 5KG/cm2 rated pressure for,

67. SMT parts maintenance tools are: soldering iron, hot air BaQu device, both absorb gun, tweezers,

68. The QC is divided into: IQC, IPQC and OQC FQC;.

69. High speed placement machine can be pasted on the resistor, capacitor, IC, transistors,

70. Electrostatic features: small current, influenced by humidity,

71. Positive, negative SMT PTH tin stove used what soldered turbulence double-wave welding;

72. SMT common inspection method: visual inspection, X-ray and machine visual inspection

73. Ferrochrome repair parts to the conduction convection heat transfer mode,

74. Currently BGA material its tin ball into Pb10; the main Sn90

75. The plate making method laser cutting and electroforming method, chemical etching,

76. The temperature according to eave welding stove temperature measurement him mad: using the applicable temperature,

77. Eave welding stove SMT semi-finished products in the export when its condition is fixed in welding parts on the PCB,

78. Modern quality management and development of the TQA - TQM; TQC -

79. ICT test is needle bed testing;

80. ICT test can measure electronic parts adopt static test,

81. Soldering characteristic is melting point than other metal low, physics performance meet the welding conditions, low temperature fluidity than other metal good;

82. Eave welding stove part replacement process conditions change to remeasure measure curve,

83. Siemens 80F/S belong to a electronic control transmission;

84. Solder paste thickness gauge is using Laser light measurement: the solder paste degrees, solder paste thickness and width of solder paste printed,

85. SMT parts feeding a vibrating type for distributor, discotic for distributor, roll belt for feeder,

86. SMT equipment use which institutions: CAM mechanism, side bar institutions, screw institutions, sliding institution,

87. Visual inspection section is required if cannot confirm in accordance with any assignment BOM, manufacturer confirmed, sample plate;

88. If parts for 12w8P packing method, the counter Pinth size must be adjusted each into 8mm;

89. Eave welder sort: hot air type eave welding stove, nitrogen eave welding stove, laser eave welding stove, infrared eave welding stove.

90. SMT parts can be used for sample test method: streamline type production, fingerprints machine mounted, handprint hand mounted,

91. Common MARK shape has: round, "10" glyph, square, triangle, the diamond, million glyph,

92. Reflow Profile Settings for SMT section undeserved, may cause parts micro cracked is preheating zone, cooling zone;

93. SMT period ends heated parts easy create: empty uneven welding, and deviation of, tombstones,

94. High speed machine and domestic machine should as far as possible equilibrium; a pa

95. The quality is the intendment of do it right the first time,

96. Placement machine should first post small parts, after stick big parts;

97. BIOS is a basic Input/Output System, the full English Base Input/Output for: views,

98. SMT parts according to parts feet can be divided into two kinds of LEADLESS and organization;

99. Common automatic placement machine there are three basic types, succeeded type placed type, type and large weave-machines.continuative placed transfer type placed machine,

100. The SMT process without LOADER can also production.

101. SMT process was delivering plate system - solder paste printer - high speed machine - domestic machine - separated flow welding - unloader,

102. The temperature sensitive parts kaifeng, humidity card circle show color to blue, parts can be used;

103. The specification of 20mm not strip width,

104. Cheng for printing adverse short-circuited reasons: a. solder paste metallic content enough, causing collapse b. steel openings caused by excessive, the tin quantity overmuch cristiano steel quality was not good, bad, change under the tin on the back d.S laser cutting template tencil solder paste, lower residual have squeegee pressure, using appropriate VACCUM and SOLVENT

105. General back welding stove Profile of the main engineering districts purpose: a. preheating zone; Engineering objective: the solder paste zhongrong agent volatile. B. mean temperature area, Engineering objective: flux activation, remove oxides, Evaporation excess water. C. back welding area, Engineering objective: solder melting. D. cooling zone; Engineering objective: alloy solder formation, feet and pad connect parts for an organic whole;

106. SMT process, tin bead the main causes of the: PCB design, improper PAD plate opening of poor design, buy thing depth or buy thing too much stress, Profile curve rose slope too large, solder paste viscosity collapsed, too low.