Mountaineering

Mountaineering introduction

Mountain climbing is a kind of sports. Athletes unarmed or use special equipment climbing various terrain peaks or mountains. Can be divided into * pyramidal mantell type mountaineering, alpine mountaineering and technology mountaineering and several kinds. Began in the 18th century 80. 1786 August 8 French doctor BaKa ROM and masons baal tamar caravans first CiDeng mountain peaks of the Alps mont 4,807 meters) (altitude, the following year, by young scientists. Cable repair darfur's south-coast 19 men expeditio treads again mont blanc, world mountaineering henceforth extension. Therefore sport first from AErBeiSiShanOu began, reason is also called "alpine sport". From 1786 to 1865 years, the Alps altitude 3,000-4,000 meters high, one after another for mountaineers boarded, international mountaineering history says wirting the Alps for "golden era". The 19th century since 1980s, use all sorts of climbing tools and technology mountaineering increasingly promotion, its activities from alpine low mountain areas have also turned to the Himalayan mountains. High 1950 as for 1964, world 14 8,000 meters of above, including the world's highest peak, mount Everest, one after another for Chinese, English, American, Italian, yue to more than ten countries mountaineers have conquered, international mountaineering history says for "himalaya wirting the golden age". 1964 many mountaineering "exclusion zones" has been broken through and begin to enter never unmanned used difficult risks route climbing 7,000-8,000 meters above the peak in the new period. In 1978 and in the Himalayan mountains occur without oxygen high boarded peak alpine mountaineering. Chinese campaign began in the 1950s. 1955 appear first mountaineers, establish the first team tsari in 1956. In 1960 and 1975, twice from northeast mountain ridge Everest in 1975, and will be a special metal surveying and mapping signals erect on mount Everest on top, accurately detect height is GaiFeng 8,848.13 meters. For international mountaineering history of the world's highest elevation first exact measurement. In 1964 boarded finally a never had deserted 8,000 meters above XiXiaBangMaFeng in many mountaineering activities, the mountaineers and scientific workers cooperate closely, many kinds of alpine expeditions.

Climbing equipment

Climbing equipment must adapt mountaineering environmental conditions, in design, material selection, materials, production to make its lightweight, strong, efficient, and can one content multi-purpose.

Along with the development of mountaineering sports science and technology level unceasing progress, mountaineering sports equipment quality and performance are constantly improved, this to raises the level of mountaineering when necessary. France, for example, the first mountaineering used when a main cables rope can weigh more than 20 kilograms, other climbing equipment are also very heavy, then their climbing height reached only 4000 meters. Now a root weight of main rope only 1.5 kg, and other equipment also greatly to reduce weight, and more durable, its heat preservation, prevent electrical performance also greatly increases, so can ensure mountaineers climbing various heights and difficulty of mountain. All countries in recent years DengShanJie continues to research and improvement of various equipment, such as many countries for improving oxygen in capacity and the use of equipment efficiency research, Japan adopted the so-called "loop type oxygen mask" instead of the original scuba, for a minute to use oxygen increases to two minutes or longer. They also for climbing 8000 meters above the rocky crags double with oxygen and rock climbing operation with oxygen and other special equipment for the modification. In addition, the bedding mountaineers equipment and camping equipment are in constant improvement. In recent years have appeared more light warm inflatable tents and other camping equipment.

Mountaineering diet

Mountaineering diet is activity process essential, good nutrition can not only provide enough energy to replenish physical strength, can make a person produce more refresh feeling, especially during the cooking process and peer interaction, discuss the various and prospects today trip trip tomorrow, more can promote each other's friendship, this paper will discuss the type and item by item stoves, Spanish food arrangements with a menu after in the mountain as an example we introduce how to arrange tasty and convenience meals.

stoves

Early camp cooking or chat is using a campfire, but a campfire residue or impressions will pollute the environment, climbers had better use stoves cooking over a campfire, even after the birth also does not want too big as long as I can to be around ShanYou feel comfortable good, must wait until fire put out completely cool completely before you leave, ash wood choose death wood or wood, don't cut down trees or stumps, stoves do not contaminate camp, frivol landscape.

The biggest concern is choose stoves: 1, 2) height weight, 3. Temperature, 4. The burning of fossil fuels ability, choose reputation reliable stoves, it should be easy to ignition, easy operation, continuous firepower long even in cold, wet or winds of environment, back home first operation must be clear to take up the hill, stoves can maintain years lifespan, vent often dirty and shall be clean, mountaineering microactivity often use stoves are best 1.5 pounds per hour, use 0.25 litres of fuel oil, mountaineering with around the stove must possess the high seas boil a litre of water of 4 to 8 minutes, GaoShanRe don't use windbreak board, strong wind condition at least 25 minutes or longer, while stoves must possess control firepower of switch, avoid food burnt.

Mountaineering with furnace is provided by using fuel oil can be divided into three categories, the most commonly used is gas stove and stove two kinds.

Liquid gas

Including methane and ethane, propane, butane and so on.

The gas stove is all sundry stoves, among the most convenient, also is the most easy operation, appear to Taiwan at present that can see the gas stove, comprehensive, it has the following kinds, but some gas stoves, each other is the use of mutually exclusive of gas canisters, so when the choose and buy must pay special attention. A, EPI (b.s) : gas canisters in weight points 4 kinds, gas canisters color is green.

B, PRIMUS (Sweden system) : gas canisters in weight points two kinds, but maybe some of the old type stoves PRIMUS use a need to make hole gas canisters, this system and CAMPING GAZ old type stoves identical, using the same gas canisters, gas canisters color, large gas canisters is yellow, small gas canisters for iron gray.

C, CAMPING GAZ (legal) : gas according to function cent two kinds of (1) mountains with (2) respectively in accordance with the weight, flat with each have two kinds of, in addition, there are using hole gas canisters old type stoves, no matter old or new type, gas canisters color is blue.

D, ALPS (Korean system) : gas canisters one kind, gas canisters color to blue.

E, MARKILL (DE system) : Taiwan without import this brand gas.

F, MSR REPID horses (asme) : the Taiwan without import this brand gas.

G, COLEMAN (asme) : color for iron gray.

H, GOGAS (asme) : gas canisters color for the silver

I, built-in oven: gas canisters have a system to import of different.

Fuel oil

Including Gasoline, Fuel, Coleman white.on unleaded Gasoline, Kerosense... Stove is famous brand are A, COLEMAN PEAK - 1 (asme), B, MSR (asme), C, OPTIMUS contracting system (Sweden).

A. cold pattern: one of the main characteristic is furnace body inside fuel is through pressurization and vaporization, on the design, to be of the more advanced workmanship, when burnt because the stress is not excessive explosion, and pressurized bottle in fuel temperature won't rise, therefore stoves subject is the lower temperature. However, avoid heat conduction, so it is still hot, but not too hot.

B. thermal type: using fuel heated sublimation pressure to make the fuel vaporization (similar to region principle), go up in the design belongs to the earlier design, uncomplicated principle, but there are too much stress and explosion concerns, but rarely hear explosions rumours, but only drawback is pressurized bottle of fuel temperature will continue to rise, until hot point.

C. cold type thermal type mixing: the foregoing two principle syncretic, usually this kind of design are the same characteristics, oil too big pressurizing, otherwise firepower, the stove is hot.

alcohol

alcohols

conclusion

For first purchase stoves, personally I suggest to buy gas stove, the reason is small volume, high safety, maintenance easy, can when individual stoves, also can be used as groups of emergency equipment, appear to the only drawback is fire stove, smaller than fuel costs a lot more expensive than stove. Stove fire is larger, but need to fill the fuel, using need high skill, repair and maintenance also more trouble.

Stoves best with 4 ~ 6 artificial boils units.