Diamond

Diamond means polished diamond, diamond is a kind of natural mineral, the original rock is diamond. Simply speaking, diamonds are in deep within the earth high pressure, high temperature condition of the formation of a carbon composed of elemental crystals. Human civilization is several thousand years of history, but people found and preliminary understanding diamond only hundreds of years, and the genuine unravel the mysteries of the diamond internal time is shorter. Before this, along with its just fabulous with religious worship and fear of legend, and regard it as brave, power, status, and distinguished symbol. Nowadays, diamonds are no longer mysterious, more is not only the royal noble can enjoy treasures. It has become a people may have, adorn mass gems. Diamond culture has a long history, and today people more regard it as the symbol of love and commitment.

introduction

diamond

1. Mineral name as "diamond", based on the ancient Greek Adamant, meaning is hard inviolable substance, is recognized as the king of the gem. Diamonds are the chemical composition of the 99.98% of carbon. That is to say, diamond is actually one kind density quite high carbon crystals.

2. Of the diamond MaShi hardness: 10, is a natural mineral of the highest hardness. Its brittleness is high, forcibly collision will still fragmented.

3. Cut diamond is on the basis of the original rock shape, will the diamond cutting into different shapes of the process. Among them, the popular eight kinds of shapes are: round, oval, lam acuminate, heart-shaped, pear-shaped, square, triangle and emeralds shape. Round the drilling, is the most common shape.

4. Diamond belongs to natural mineral. Diamonds are the main producing area is Australia, Botswana, Canada, namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Siberia, Currently the world's major diamond -cutting center has: Antwerp, tel aviv, New York, USA, in mumbai, India, Bangkok, Thailand. Antwerp had "world diamond are" reputation, the world diamond trade half finished here, "Antwerp cutters" is perfect cutters pronoun.

5. Buy a diamond must be rechecked (GIA certificate in official website can directly verification, no need to recheck)

6. Refractive index: 2.417

7. Dispersion 0.044 (high) values:

8. All internal reflections: LinJieJiao: 24.5 °

Quality unit

CARDS, or translation Carat diamond Carat, is the, quality unit. A card equivalent to 200 milligrams, said to the early diamond businessman weighing diamond used for rice carob fruit weight, a grain by such fruit weighs about 200 mg. Because of the diamond density are generally identical, so the heavier diamond volume is larger. The greater the diamond is more rare, the value of each card is also higher.

Chemical composition

The chemical composition of diamond, it is carbon in stones was the only by a single elements, which belongs to the equiaxial crystal department. Crystals form a octahedron, lozenge twelve surface body, tetrahedral and their poly shape. Pure diamond colorless transparent, due to trace elements airproof and presents different colors. Strong kong luster. The refractive indexes, the dispersion medium, for 2.417 0.044. All plasmids. Thermal conductivity for 0.35 card/centimeters, seconds, degrees. Use conductometer test, the most sensitive reaction. Hardness of 10, is present known most hard mineral, absolute hardness is quartz 1,000 times, corundum 150 times, be afraid of critical hits, the meeting after shun its thumping cleavage broken. A group of cleaves completely. Density opioids, g/cubic centimeters. Diamond is luminance, sun exposure, night can emit weak cyan color phosphorescence. X ray, issued sky-blue fluorescence. Diamond chemistry very stable, at ordinary temperatures not easily soluble in acid and alkali, acid and alkali not to its effects.

Diamond and gem, synthetic diamond similar difference. Gem market common substitute or fake have colorless gem, colorless spinel, cubic zirconia, strontium titanate, yttrium aluminum garnet, y gallium garnet, artificial rutile. Synthetic diamonds in 1955 first by Japanese successfully developed, but not batch production. Because synthetic diamond than natural diamond costs is high, so market synthetic diamonds are rare. Diamond, with its special hardness, density, dispersion, refractive index is ok rather similar gem distinction. Such as: imitation drill cubic zirconia more colorless, dispersion strong (0.060), strong luster, density and 5.8 g/cubic centimeters, parcel.meet heavy feeling obvious. Yttrium aluminum garnet dispersion downy, naked eye hard to compare it with diamond difference open.

It has become a people may have, adorn mass gems. Diamond culture has a long history, and today people more regard it as the symbol of love and commitment.

Forming principle

Someone says diamond is diamond, actually this kind of view is completely wrong (their difference is synonymous with wood and furniture, the relationship between diamond just diamond finishing) into products, modern science and technology, means to explore the formation of diamond provides some new ideas and methods. Diamond is the world's most hard, ingredients the simplest gem, it is made from carbon element consisting of natural crystal with cubic structure. Its mikey diamond

Composition and our common coal, pencil lead and sugar circulate basic same, carbon at higher temperature, pressure, the crystals form graphite (black), and in high temperature and high pressure and reductive environment (usually is a kind of anaerobic environment) is the crystallization of valuable diamond (white). In order to facilitate understanding diamond origins, look at the original rock containing diamond.

Since the diamonds in India were found, we have heard people since the riverside, beach found on diamond story, this is because in river containing diamond protolith somewhere, by weathering, ends, diamond with flow was brought to downstream area, more than major diamond buried in the sand. Diamond protolith is what? In 1870 people in South Africa on a farm in the loess dug the diamond, thereafter diamonds by riverbed transferred to dig loess, the loess is below the hard rock, it is dark blue diamond protolith - kimberley rock (kimberlite). What is the kimberley rock? Kimberley rock is a kind of form in the deep within the earth, contains a large number of carbon dioxide gas etc volatile components of partial alkaline super base sex volcanic rocks, this kind of rock from deep within the earth often contain olive rocks, eclogite fragments, mainly minerals include olivine, gold mica, carbonate, pyroxene, garnet, etc. Research shows that the kimberley magma formed in deep within the earth 150 kilometers below. Because this kind of rock first in South Africa was found, so to kimberley named after the names.

Another kind of containing diamond protolith says potassium magnesian bright porphyry (lamproite), it is a kind of overly magnesia volcanic rocks, mainly by BaiLiu stone, volcanic glass formed, may contain pyroxene, olivine such mineral, typical origin for western Australia Gail (o) Argyle.

Scientists from the world through different mining and its original inclusions in diamond mineral study found that diamond formation conditions is commonly pressure in 4.5-6.0 Gpa (equivalent to 150-200km depth), temperature of 1100-1500 ℃. Although theoretically, diamonds can be formed in various periods of earth's history, and at present stage/mines exploitation of most diamond mainly formed in 33 billion years ago and 12-17 billion years these two periods. Such as South Africa some diamond age for 45 million, shows that the diamonds in the earth was born shortly after already began in deep within the earth crystallization, diamond is one of the world's oldest gem. Diamond formation requires a long historical process, which mainly produce from diamond in earth's ancient diamond

Old stability mainland area can be verified. In addition, for the earth to alien body, produce instant impact of high temperature and high pressure, also can form a diamond, such as 1988 years ago was reported in meteorites Soviet academy of sciences found diamond, but this role in the formation of diamond and no economic value.

Rare diamond mainly appeared in two types of rocks, one kind is olive rock types, one kind is eclogite classes, but only the former has economic significance. Containing diamond olive rock, so far discovered two categories: the kimberley rock (kimberlite) (name from South Africa - a place-names kimberley) and potassium magnesian bright porphyry (lamproite), the two rocks in all is produced by volcanic eruption, formed in the bowels of the earth rock by volcanic activity were brought to the surface or the earth, the magma in shallow rock tubular output, so called "tube ore" (i.e., original mineral). Containing diamond kimberley rocks or potassium magnesian bright porphyry the exposed in surface, after wind and rain waiting for the earth to exterior forces function and weathering, broken, the flow washout, broken protolith along with drill is was brought to the riverbed, even the coast product down, forming alluvial placers bed (or secondary deposit).

Origin division

World diamond resources and producing area

The world diamond reserves and production situation:

At present, proven reserves of natural diamond approximately 25 billion carat, including Australia 6.5 billion carat, Zaire 5.5 billion carats. At current mining level existing diamond mining reserves 25 years, but only with the prospecting technology to raise the level of each year, have found new mining areas, in Canada diamond reserves increased obviously.

Since the diamond mining, total recovery since diamonds around 350 tons, both 17.5 million carat, now a year worldwide mining diamond in 90 million - 1 world diamond resource distribution

Billion carat gem grade (17%), including - 20%. 20% gem grade diamond value as much as 80% industrial-class diamond value 5 times.

1, produce diamond country

All over the world are diamond output, there have been more than 30 countries have diamond resources, the annual output 100 carat left and right sides. Production of top five countries is Australia, Zaire, Botswana, Russia, South Africa. The five countries of the world diamond diamond production yield 90%. Other production diamond countries have the Congo (gold), Brazil, Guyana, venezuela, Angola, the central Africa, Ghana, guinea, ivory coast, Liberia, namibia, sierra leone, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Indonesia, India, China, Canada, etc.

China's proven reserves and production of diamond are ranked the first 10 or so, the annual output is 20 million carat, diamond mainly in liaoning wafangdian city, shandong MengYin and hunan YuanJiang river basin, which is currently liaoning wafangdian Asia's biggest diamond mines.

2, produce better diamond country

For diamond blank and gem grade diamond proportion of speaking, the best diamonds from namibia alluvial deposits are mined diamond. These diamonds experience of handling to the beach, natural weathering journey spanning more than 1,000 miles. Through this journey diamond in all parts fragile separation. In particular sedimentary environment according to different grade diamond grain distribution in different shape certain strata. The mining area of gem grade drill quartz clock top achieve 97%. For -cutting good diamond ring surface, it is difficult to produce from which country contended with mine.

Any output diamond mining area are good, medium and poor. Take the best in diamond mining area with the worst diamond namibia output than, namibia alluvial deposits diamond also is not necessarily a good thing.

3, diamond origin changes

India is the world was first discovered diamond country, 3,000 years ago, India is the only origin diamond. Since 2,500 years ago to 18 century India kerry sri PengNa river and its tributaries river, is the only output diamond place, history many famous diamond kohi - such as orloff and related noor, mogul are from India, but currently India's diamond yield is very small.

To 1725 in Brazil diamond found and mining, making Brazil replaced India to become the most important global diamond was produced.

1867 after, South Africa discovered alluvial placers bed and a large number of native kimberley rock canister makes South Africa become the world's most important diamond producers, yields long-term is a world leader, and thus opened a new era of diamond industry. In 1905, in South Africa, was's and discovered the largest kimberley intermediated-acidic intrusions cone tube mill rocks - prachanda column, and on this discovery of the largest diamond (diamond library and south). At present, South Africa has the world largest and most modern production and the pooh Wendy and diamond mine. South African diamond particles is big, high quality, 50% of diamond are can cut, its yield although less countries such as Australia, but output value has been high in the world.

Since 1979 western Australia found that potassium magnesian porphyry containing diamond on, and in 1986, Australia's diamond production has in the hegemonic position, but gem grade accounts for only 5% of its production. Australia diamond mainly distributed wa bingara and new south wales, especially the copeton argle deposit reserve for 5.5 billion carats.

Botswana where quality diamond and gem grade 50%, its value first in the world. Botswana diamonds from the kimberley opencast mining have huge rocks, orapa rock tube (1967), letihakena rock tube (1977) and jwaneng drill ore (1982), three ore output in 1989, more than 15 million carats.

Russia's diamond is mainly distributed in the central Siberian YaKuTe area, the area was found more than 100 containing diamond kimberley rock canister, 1988, Russia in around Europe and find new diamond mine near. At present, the Russian diamond yield in 12 million carat left and right sides, half for gem grade. For years Russia formed its own diamond mining processing sales system, its diamond quantity, quality excellent, good uniformity, in the market in a highly competitive position.

A few years ago reported in northern Canada found large kimberley rock, after a few years diamond yield can be occupied produced worldwide by 10%.

4, the world's first diamond mine

In 1871 July 16, stick to deep mining library force si fort partnership mining team succeeded, they occupy dozens of square meters land, and kept digging, deep down in the day is finally found they dream of diamond. The world's first diamond mine also was born. Named "library force si fort ore is also called the" new upsurge ore ".

5, South Africa's diamond mine

Diamond people to live mentioned we will think of South Africa. South African diamond notoriously particles large output, good quality and famous. From mining out drilling of quartz clocks in blank casts a 50% can achieve gem grade. Some 50 years ago, South African diamond yield first in the world, so often customers will ask, "the star is South African diamond?" With the passage of time, the South African diamond output gradually declined. In 1987 South African diamond production for 10 million carat is about 10% of the world's total output.

6, biggest single diamond origin

In 1905 in South Africa, doppler column mill ore found heavy 3106 carat giant big auger, denominate is "library", the south in the mining area in 1919 and found a heavy 1500 50-carat diamond, according to its shape, color, and repeatedly contrast research after identifying and it should the south for the same repository crystal, so no naming, if not split the word, the library is possiable changing become less in south 4606 carat weight to the above. In 1980 in the mining area and found the third big deop drill heavy carat 599. South Africa prachanda column mill ore for the world accepted massive hangover diamond origin.